Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art by Scott McCloud
Chapter 4: Time Frames
1. Panels and Time Representation
a. Each panel has own time period
i. Sounds and words indicate duration
ii. Reader creates time continuum in the gutter
b. Panels divide time and space
i. Panel size can indicate duration
ii. Borderless panel creates timelessness
iii. “Bleeds” = run off of page
1. Lingering timeless presence
2. Reader Left to Right
a. Past to future
i. Wherever eyes focus is now
ii. Past to the left
iii. Future to the right
b. What happens if cartoonist doesn’t follow protocol?
3. Time and Motion Combine
a. How to show motion in a static medium?
i. Multiple images in sequence
ii. Motion Lines
1. Wild and messy at first
2. Stylized into physical presence
iii. Streaking
iv. Blurring
v. Subjective Motion
1. Reader in driver’s seat
b. Composition
i. Picture
ii. Change
iii. Drama
iv. Memory
4. Time
a. Sound
i. Word balloons
ii. Sound effects
b. Motion
i. Action and Reaction
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